Can i footnote an entire paragraph

The only real difference is placement -- footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes all appear at the end of your document. If you want your reader to read your notes right away, footnotes are more likely to get your reader's attention. Endnotes, on the other hand, are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your paper. Sometimes you may be asked to include these -- especially if you have used a parenthetical style of citation.

A "works cited" page is a list of all the works from which you have borrowed material. Your reader may find this more convenient than footnotes or endnotes because he or she will not have to wade through all of the comments and other information in order to see the sources from which you drew your material.

A "works consulted" page is a complement to a "works cited" page, listing all of the works you used, whether they were useful or not. Well, yes. The title is different because "works consulted" pages are meant to complement "works cited" pages, and bibliographies may list other relevant sources in addition to those mentioned in footnotes or endnotes. Choosing to title your bibliography "Works Consulted" or "Selected Bibliography" may help specify the relevance of the sources listed.

I personally do not like this way of doing it and it may not even be formally correct in most disciplines. Instead I would suggest that you start the paragraph or paragraphs if appropriate by simply stating where the material has been sourced in the first sentence of the pragraph s. Exactly how you formulate this depends highly on the content and what you need to write. It can be something dry such as "The following information is from XXX " but you can probably see how you can weave in the reference in an introductory sentence or two so that it makes sense and clear that you extracted the information from there.

The main point is of course to make it clear to the reader where the information comes from. Clarily will be more important than nice formulations in this case. The proposed method can be compared to the work of [John Doe, ]. The work in [1] addresses the problem The first important step in this direction was made by Doe [1] and here we summarize the most important findings.

Be precise with expressions referring to each paper like the work proposed here , or the previous results and similar. If you mix them, you'll have to cite every sentence or two to avoid the confusion. If you're making a logical conclusion and just add a cite with the concluding sentence, you're giving proper credit. The clearest way to show that the entire paragraph is taken from someone else is to set that paragraph off in some way.

The two most common ways are to indent the entire paragraph or set the entire paragraph in italics or both. One common approach is to include the citation in the first sentence, and then use "they" and related words for every subsequent sentence so that the connection between statements and reference is clear. Smith and Jones conducted a study on X and Y. They performed X analysis. They found that blah blah blah. They concluded that foo foo foo.

Their studies highlight that blah blah blah. The problem doesn't seem to me to be one of how to format a citation for a full paragraph. This starts to approach a plagiaristic form of writing.

Another problem is that you are basing your entire paragraph on a sole source, and trusting that it is right or, maybe, the writer simply doesn't care - I see that a lot with the writing of students who just want to get an assignment cranked out. If you are writing a thesis or dissertation, the care and concern for veracity of the information should, I hope, be greater.

Try including more of your own thoughts, reasoning, or explanatory writing. If the paragraph introduces explanatory statements or other work by you, then breaking up the flow with the appropriate in-text citation from the single source isn't an issue, as it is less frequent than once every sentence.

Or, find other sources that support or amplify the material in the paragraph, add in the necessary associated verbiage, and cite them too. Sign up to join this community. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Sara, Librarian: Hi Nancy, this is a great example of a time when critical thinking skills come into play. It's not always easy to tell when an author is paraphrasing another author's work or if they are stating something in their own words. Use your best judgment in these cases.

The whole idea of citing a source is to be able to point your readers to the work you used when you did your research. When paraphrasing information from a textbook, are you required to include the textbook name as well as the author in the paragraph or just the author? Kate, Librarian: When paraphrasing and creating an in-text citation, you will use the author's name s and the date only. For example, Smith, The textbook or book's title will be included in the reference page, and not in the in-text citation.

That is really helpful. Thank you for taking the time to articulate this. Thank you. This is the first site I have seen anywhere that outlines this clearly with the bad, correct but ugly, good examples. May I ask, is this the same for MLA? Obviously you don't need to put in the year for MLA--but I mean as far as how you handle successive citations for the same source in a paragraph of paraphrase?

Sara, Librarian Reply: For MLA style, Seneca Libraries actually has a great example of what the repeated use of one source in a paragraph could look like See the Seneca Libraries guide - box in the lower right corner of the page. So another question--I read on your cite as I have on the OWL that successive parenthetical citations from a print source should initially be listed as Lastname And for each parenthetical citation thereafter without changing to a new source, you can leave out the author's last name and simply put in the page number Well for sources where you have no page number, can you simply leave out a citation entirely because it's understood, use a signal phrase, or just include the citation again?

I'm assuming signal phrase or repeatedly citing it unlike a print source is the answer. Thank you! This was incredibly helpful. As I was writing a focused summary for sociology, I was becoming incredibly bogged down with all the in text citations, trying to figure out if there was anyway to make it less unwieldy and awkward.

This is perfect! Thanks s'much! Can I make my in-text citation possessive? Can I write, "Willemssen's study suggests Sara, Librarian Reply : Hi Kevin, yes, you can make your in-text citation possessive. Your example is spot on! This is an excellent explanation with examples, but is specific for APA.

Could it also be used for Harvard style? Check out the University of Western Australia's example here. Ex: According to Source , blah blah blah Personal commentary. Paraphrasing again, blah, blah Sara, Librarian Reply: The short answer is no. First, paraphrased citations in APA do not require page numbers, only quotations do.

Second, if you include a page number at the end of a sentence per your example you also need to have the Author and Date in that same citation - either at the beginning of your sentence or in the parenthesis with your page number. I understand how to use a lead-in for a more "neat" appearance when writing a paragraph in APA style with the same source. However, must I always refer to "the study," or "the author" in each sentence?

Would the following example be correct according to APA? The book reflects the experiences of those working in fashion design. The industry is described in a negative light throughout the text.