10.14 which are secondary alcohols

The Standard Model of particle physics and the general theory of relativity describe fundamental particles and the fundamental forces acting between them that control the structure and dynamics of matter. Click 'Join' if it's correct. Rachel L. Chemistry 2 months, 3 weeks ago. View Full Video Already have an account? Kevin B. Answer Which of the following are secondary alcohols?

Discussion You must be signed in to discuss. Video Transcript Yeah. Upgrade today to get a personal Numerade Expert Educator answer! Ask unlimited questions. Test yourself. Join Study Groups. Create your own study plan. Join live cram sessions. Live student success coach. Top Chemistry Educators Nadia L. Rice University. Stephen P. Drexel University. Karli S. Numerade Educator. Jake R. University of Toronto. Chemistry Bootcamp Lectures Intro To Chem - Introduction Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties.

Classification and Properties of Matter In chemistry and physics, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

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If there are attachments then the carbon chain is numbered from one end so that the attachments fall on the carbon with the lowest number. These attachments are then named as a prefix, using the numbered position of the attachment on the carbon chain to indicate their position.

Example: What is the correct systematic name for the following molecule? Although this is the correct systematic name for the molecule, you may also see it described as 1-propanol. This is considered acceptable. Functional groups are considered to be any atom or groups of atoms that does not consist of carbon, hydrogen and single bonds only. In the table above, they have been shown in shorthand condensed form. This doesn't explain clearly how they are bonded onto the main carbon chain and in the following sections the structures of the functional groups are dealt with one by one.

In brief, however, the structures of the functional groups are shown highlighted below:. The main carbon chain may have other carbon chains attached. This is called branching and the smaller carbon chains are referred to as the branches.

Each of the branched chains must be named according to the number of carbons that it contains and, if there is a possibility of ambiguity, the position of the branch on the main carbon chain must be shown as a number locant. Care must be taken to identify the longest chain. It is important not to be put off by chains that change direction - this is NOT a branch! Take a look at the following molecule and make sure that you know why the two areas under red shadow are the real branches in this molecule.

The longest chain in the molecule above has six carbon atoms, hence the root name is 'hex-' Run your mouse over the structure to see the longest unbroken chain. Even though it seems that there is a two carbon branch on carbon number 4, in reality the longest chain runs left to right for four carbons and then down for two, it has six carbon atoms. That means that the other hydrocarbon groups are branches. The correct name numbering left to right of the molecule is 2,4-dimethylhexane.

This type of problem represents a favorite question for examiners, who try to conceal the longest chain by bending it and changing direction. Remember that a branch is literally that; a carbon atom junction from which there are two choices of two carbon atoms to extend the chain.

Example : Name the following molecule:. There are no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen and no multiple bonds, so the suffix '-ane' must be added to the root, giving pentane. This is placed before the root as a prefix, giving methylpentane. However there are two places that the branch could be, on carbons number 2 and 3. In this case the branch is on carbon number 3, so this must be added to the name.

Question Why couldn't the branch be on carbon number 1 or 5? Because this would add one carbon atom to the main chain making the root hex- instead of pent-. Question Why is 4-methylpentane an impossible name?

The rules state that the carbon chain must be numbered in such a way as to keep the numbers in the name as low as possible. If the attachment were to be on carbon number 4, this would also be carbon number 2, numbering from the other end of the chain.

In the event that there is more than one group of the same type attached to the carbon chain, this is indicated in the naming system by using a special prefix in front of the group name a multiplier. For example, if we wish to say that there are two of a specific group, then the prefix 'di-' is used. Once again the positions of the groups must be indicated if any ambiguity is possible.

Hence, a molecule that contains four chlorine atoms will have the prefix 'tetrachloro-', three methyl groups 'trimethyl-', etc. Example : Use the systematic nomenclature to name the following molecule -.

There are no functional groups to affect the ending, so the molecule has the root methane. For example, a primary carbon atom has only one other carbon atom attached to it. A secondary carbon atom has two other carbon atoms attached to it and a tertiary carbon atom has three other carbon atoms attached. The terminology is not restricted to carbon atoms, but can also be applied to alcohols and haloalkanes.

In these cases, it is necessary to understand that it is the carbon atoms that the functional atom, or group, is attached to that is primary secondary or tertiary. The following abbreviations are used to indicate the type of carbon associated with the functional group:. The term 'aromatic' refers to compounds that contain benzene rings. These are also called arenes. The structure of benzene, C 6 H 6 , was discussed in section 2.

A benzene ring consists of a hexagon of six carbon atoms in a closed circle, each carbon connected to one hydrogen atom.

The rings are drawn using a shorthand of a hexagon with a circle that represents the delocalised electrons inside. Remember that each point of the hexagon represents one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom, unless there is a substituting group. Naming benzene compounds is semi-systematic, in that the ring carbons are numbered from 1 to 6, starting with any attachment to the ring, and these carbons are not counted as part of any carbon chain.

This applies to benzene rings with two or more attachments. Nomenclature in benzene compounds. Nitrogen is a very important element in organic chemistry. It is found in the majority of compounds involved in living systems. Proteins and the DNA of plant and animal cells are made up of nitrogen containing compounds. Nitrogen is sometimes called a heteroatom, one that is not carbon, hydrogen or oxygen. Simple compounds containing nitrogen include amines, amides, and nitriles.

Amines contain nitrogen atoms attached to either alkyl groups or hydrogen and alkyl groups. It can be considered as an ammonia molecule in which one, or more, of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an alkyl group. The basic structure of an amine is R-NH 2 where 'R' represents an alkyl chain.

The alkyl group can occupy either one, two or three sites on the nitrogen giving rise to primary, secondary and tertiary amines. This prefix form of naming amines is prefectly acceptible as an alternative to the -amine form and indeed comes in very useful when there is more than one amine group to locate on a molecule. For example, in the manufacture of nylon the compound hexa-1,6-diamine is used: This is also known commonly as 1,6-diaminohexane.

Secondary amines may have either two alkyl groups the same on the nitrogen, or two different alkyl chains on the nitrogen. If both alkyl chains are the same they use the prefix 'di-' to indicate it.